Color: Knowing RGB and CMYK
Color Systems for Screen vs. Print
Creating anything in color requires a basic understanding of the two primary color models: RGB (red, green, blue) and CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, black). RGB is the preferred color setting for screen-related content like websites and digital presentations, whereas CMYK is suitable for printed materials such as posters and business cards. Attempting to print an RGB file can lead to inaccurate colors.
RGB operates on an additive color model, with white as the combination of all primary colors and black as the absence of light. In contrast, CMYK follows a subtractive model, where white represents the natural color of the print background and black results from combining colored inks.
RGB values are displayed in a range between 0 and 255. The RGB color for black is:
R: 0
G: 0
B: 0
While the RGB color for white is:
R: 255
G: 255
B: 255
CMYK values for each base color range from 0 to 100. The CMYK value for white is:
C: 0
M: 0
Y: 0
K: 0
Printing black is slightly different than just 100% for each base color. To create a True Black, most printers use the following value, but be sure to check with your specific printer for their True Black:
C: 75%
M: 68%
Y: 67%
K: 90%
Color Consistency
Hex Codes and Pantone
To help define colors accurately and ensure color consistency, designers use Hex Codes and Pantone colors. Hex codes (or hexadecimal color numbers) are created for colors used on the internet and web designs. These colors are websafe, which will reproduce consistently on different Internet browsers and displays. Plus, their usage helps websites load faster.
The Pantone Matching System (PMS) is used for printing and maintains color consistency regardless of the printing equipment or location. Its long list of over 2161 swatches is labeled as ‘PANTONE 1234 C’ with variable numbers and letter exchanges. The Pantone Matching System allows you to specify several colors that cannot be mixed in traditional CMYK, especially metallic and fluorescents. The system lets graphic designers worldwide communicate about specific colors without losing tints or shades and preserving the exact pigment desired in printed materials.
Unlike hex codes, Pantone is a privately owned color system that claims its colors are intellectual property. Designers usually purchase Pantone Color Guides, bound decks of industry-specific color swatches, to see and choose colors in real life. Thankfully, the full range of Pantone swatches is also accessible from most mainstream design apps, including Adobe Photoshop, Illustrator, and InDesign.
Yes, you can convert colors between the two systems. Many websites and programs do so, including, of course, Pantone itself.